Why Women Should Not Be Allowed in Combat Occupations Essay

Since 1901, women have served in some form of the military, however, dating back to the American Revolution women have had an unofficial role. Women have had and will continue to have an important role in the military, the question is whether women should be allowed to occupy specific combat positions. Traditionally women have not been allowed in combat occupations, but recently these restrictions have been somewhat lifted, making certain occupations available to women. Despite the lift complications arise from women being in combat vocations and it’s not just because of the physical differences, there is also the increased risk of sexual assault. Due to the detrimental impact on the military, soldiers, and society, women should not†¦show more content†¦In January 1994, the â€Å"Secretary of Defense Les Aspin overturned the risk rule excluding women from any positions that could expose them to direct combat, hostile fire, or capture; the rule was replaced by th e direct ground combat assignment rule, which more narrowly tailored the restriction to front line combat positions.† (Mackenzie) According to the 1994 Department of Defense policy, women were limited from some occupational specialties if those specialties were physically located with direct ground combat units. According to a press release the Army will begin implementing the DoD policy. â€Å"Removing the restrictions opened 13,139 Army positions to women, occupations like; Multiple Launch Rocket System crewmember, MLRS operations fire detection specialist, Field artillery fire finder radar operator specialist, M1 Abrams tank system maintainer, Bradley Fighting Vehicle system maintainer, and Artillery mechanic.† (Wong) Regardless of the recent policy changes, the distinction between combat and support roles are still unclear. â€Å"Since women are permitted to serve in such support units, a major barrier designed to keep them away from combat has vanished.† (Mackenzie) In today’s war there is no clear front line or a safe area in the rear, making combat support operationsShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Women In The Military885 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in the Military Women being in the military has become more prevalent in the last few decades, but are they helping or hurting the military by doing so? Women being allowed in the military dates all the way back to World War I where women would serve as nurses to aid wounded soldiers (Wood). Now, women are allowed to serve in different roles, combat being one of them. There is controversy whether the military is a place for women, but research shows pros and cons to both sides. EvenRead MoreEquality for Women in our Society Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesEven though women are soft and delicate, women deserve equality because they are compassionate, intelligent, strong, and work as hard compared to men. Women can defuse a situation in a compassionate, intellectual manner and work hard at it until peace is reached. Women should be treated equally to men because they have the same qualities in most areas as men and have qualities that some men lack. Women and men are very different in the aspect of physical and mental attributes. Women, in generalRead MoreWomen During The 21st Century1281 Words   |  6 Pagesonly of race but also of genders. Today, there are fewer occupations that remain solely masculine, women are constantly conquering new positions and demonstrating they are also capable of participating in physically challenging activities. Women are seen stronger than ever. It is often said a girl can do anything a boy can. That sounds great and empowering, but is that truly so? 50 years ago, the idea of a woman serving in the army in full combat would seem ridiculous, in present day it is a realityRead MoreFeminism Is The Organized Activity On Behalf Of Women s Rights And Interests1154 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone Deserves Respect Throughout history, there have been many groups of women called feminists, which are women who support feminism. In history class, you hear about active feminists and their rebellions, but what does feminism mean exactly? â€Å"Feminism is the organized activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests† (Webster). Feminists strive for equal rights for women in politics, society, and workforce. Karen Kornbluh and Rachel Homer are two feminist writers who wrote an article, â€Å"PaycheckRead MoreWhy Women Should Be Allowed to Participate in Combat1236 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Women Should be Allowed to Participate in Combat When warring tribes fought over food or men during our first beginnings, those women were undoubtedly in combat†¦women warriors [later in history] were not considered so unusual†¦Joan of Arc and Bodecia fought as warriors. Women fought in the Civil War alongside their buddies, only to be found out once they were slain in battle (Culture Society) Introduction After years of discussion and debate it appears that soon women will be sent into combatRead MoreAn Argument Essay About Discrimination1635 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Essay Some may say discrimination in America is a thing in the past, but is this a true statement? Are men and women always seen and treated as equals in our new and reformed nation? I am sure there are many debates out there proving or disproving this potential issue, but one in particular has caught my eye. Our military is made up of many different sections, and the men and women who were brave enough to raise their right hand and enlist in the service were given a skill to master resulting inRead MoreThe Wonderful Workforce 867 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens should pursue and promotes an idea of inequality in employment opportunities. In tradition, the man is the breadwinner of the family; while this has changed, men still dominate many career paths. Once upon a time, only men were allowed to play sports in high school. This had drastically changed, due to Title IX, a law that provided opportunities to different career paths (â€Å"Mythbusting†). But, on a professional sport level, women are not seen playing in the NFL or the NBA. Women haveRead MoreThe Debate Of Women s Military Combat1914 Words   |  8 PagesOctober 2014 Women in Combat The debate of whether women should participate in military combat is a controversial issue worldwide. While the majority of the western countries, such as America, believe in the conservative values associated with women in combat forces, eastern countries, like Israel, do not fully support these ideals. Some believe it is a woman’s equal right, some believe it will cause negative affects on the family’s life, and others believe women in combat should receive the rightsRead More Women in the Military Essay4227 Words   |  17 Pages In Women in the Military, Janette Mance explores the debates and problems faced by the increasing number of women involved in the military. After examining issues such as pregnancy, sexual harassment, and rape, Mance concludes that as a society we must continue to strive for gender equality. From the storm lashed decks of the Mayflower to the present hour, women have stood like a rock for the welfare and glory of the history of our country . . . and one might well add: unwritten, unrewardedRead MoreWomen During The Military War1610 Words   |  7 PagesWomen over the course of hundreds of years have always struggled to be equivalent to men. Weather that be the right to vote, the right to speak up, or the right to lead. Leadership for example, is founded upon many different grounds. One being the military. Having a role in the military meant something greater than having a â€Å"regular† occupation to women. It meant that one has the opportunity to lead his/her country. To be the difference in the world. Females also wanted a taste of what it’s like

Essay on Kurt Vonnegut’s novels Cat’s Cradle and...

An Existence based on Forma (harmless untruths) â€Å"No wonder kids grow up crazy. A cat’s Cradle is nothing but a band of X’s between someone’s hands and little kid’s look and look at all those X’s†¦ No damn cat and no damn cradle,† Vonnegut writes is his appropriately titled book Cat’s Cradle. A cat’s cradle is a string trick we all grew up learning and seeing, and it is just as Vonnegut described, nothing. Everyday we experience things like a cat’s cradle; we experience insignificant objects, feelings, or idols that we base our life on. We base and change our lives off of things with no real significance. Kurt Vonnegut’s novels Cat’s Cradle and Slaughterhouse-Five demonstrate the ineptness of the human race to base our life and happiness†¦show more content†¦The main character and protagonist of Cat’s Cradle is a man called John whose effort in life was to create a book titled â€Å"The Day the World Ended,† in which he cou ld document the lives of the most famous nuclear physicists on the day and moment the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. Throughout John’s journey to write his book, he finds himself traveling to strange and unpredictable places, which does not bother him because, â€Å"Peculiar travel suggestions are dancing lessons from God†(Cat’s Cradle, 83) John finds himself traveling to tropical paradise, San Lorenzo. This fictional land was where John fell in love with a girl named Mona, and also where a religion began, a religion called Bokonism. Bokonism is a religion based on Lies. â€Å"Anyone who cannot understand how a useful a religion can be based on lies†¦,† (Cat’s cradle, 29) states the book of Bokonon, the founder of the religion. Bokonism is a very interesting, useful, and practical religion. It was begun by a man recently saved from death, a shipwreck. Bokonon realized through the war he was fighting with at the time before he was shipwrecked how pointless everything is, until we give it a point. Bokonon was a great philosopher with countless mind opening quotes. â€Å"Tiger got to hunt, bird got to fly, man got toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Anti-War Sentiments in Cats Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five1173 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five are vastly dissimilar works of literature, each with its own creative style and plot. However, when the texts are examined with a discerning eye one can notice multiple thematic undercurrents such as war fate,time and suffering hidden in plain sight. Overwhelmingly common in Cats Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five are strong anti-war sentiments which show all the ways war is deleterious towards the human condition.(Marvin) VonnegutRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1634 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Vonnegut once said, â€Å"So it goes† to describe the unavoidableness of fate. This aspect of seeing terrible things and being able to continue on would become a main theme in his novels. Vonnegut, as an author, received his essential voice by writing about his own experiences, using what would become his signature pessimistic yet humanist view. Vonnegut is described by Lindsay Clark as, â€Å"Worse than a pessimist†¦ he is an eternal optimist doomed to disappointment† (Clark, â€Å"Viewing Four Vonnegut NovelsRead MoreKurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1901 Words   |  8 PagesKurt Vonnegut developed his view of America through a history of personal loss and trauma that was largely endured at the same time by his characters. As a child, Kurt Vonnegut lived in Indianapolis, Indiana, which he would use in many of his later novels. His father was a prominent architect, while his mother came from the family of a wealthy brewer. After the depression hit, his father lost his business and gave up, his mother became addicted to alcohol and prescription drugs. In his teen yearsRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Opinions Expressed in Player Piano, Cats Cradle, and Slaughterhouse-Five2290 Words   |  10 PagesKurt Vonn egut’s Opinions Expressed in Player Piano, Cat’s Cradle, and Slaughterhouse-Five Every so often, a person comes along and encompasses the meaning of a generation. This person will capture everything people want to say, and then word it so well that his or her name becomes legendary. The sixties was an era with many of these people, each with his or her own means of reaching the people. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., armed with a typewriter and a motive, was amongst those that defined theRead More The Satire of Vonneguts Cats Cradle Essay1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Satire of Cats Cradle      Ã‚  Ã‚   Cats Cradle is, Vonneguts most highly praised novel. Filled with humor and unforgettable characters, this apocalyptic story tells of Earths ultimate end, and presents a vision of the future that is both darkly fantastic and funny, as Vonnegut weaves a satirical commentary on modern man and his madness (Barnes and Noble n.pag).   In Cats Cradle, Kurt Vonnegut uses satire as a vehicle for threatened self-destruction when he designs the government of San LorenzoRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Tragic Path to Success1128 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Vonnegut, was born on November 11, 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana, to American-German parents Kurt Vonnegut (Sr.), and Edith Vonnegut. Vonnegut had an older brother, Bernard and an older sister, Alice. Vonnegut graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in 1940 and went to Cornell University later that fall. Though he majored in chemistry, he was Assistant Managing Editor and Associate Editor of the Cornell newspaper. While at C ornell, Vonnegut enlisted in the United States Army. TheRead More Comparing Themes in Cat’s Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five1905 Words   |  8 PagesThemes in Cat’s Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout his career, Kurt Vonnegut has used writing as a tool to convey penetrating messages and ominous warnings about our society. He skillfully combines vivid imagery with a distinctly satirical and anecdotal style to explore complex issues such as religion and war. Two of his most well known, and most gripping, novels that embody this subtle talent are Cats Cradle and Slaughterhouse-Five. Both books represent Vonnegut’s genius forRead More Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s Cats Cradle Essay3320 Words   |  14 PagesKurt Vonnegut Jr.s Cats Cradle In the early sixties, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. released his candidly fantastical novel, Cats Cradle. Within the text an entire religious sect, called Bokononism is born; a religion built on lies, absurdity, and irony. The narrator of Cats Cradle is Jonah, a freelance writer who characterizes Bokononism as being, free form as an amoeba (Vonnegut, Cats Cradle, 3). It is boundless and unpredictable as the unconscious itself. Bokonon lives on the impoverished islandRead MoreThe Life and Writings of Kurt Vonnegut Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesKurt Vonnegut is celebrated as one of the most successful novelist in the Post-Second World War period in the America. His literary works have had varied impacts on American culture, including the use of the word â€Å"karass† amongst college students, the naming of the pop groups â€Å"Ice Nine Kills† and â€Å"The Billy Pilgrims†, and the frequent use of the term â€Å"So it goes† as written in Vonnegut’s obituary on the New York Times (Farrell, p.ix). This article examines the impacts of Vonnegut’s on his literaryRead MoreQuestioning the Value of Literary Realism in Slaughterhouse Five, Cats Cradle, and Mother Night734 Words   |  3 PagesQuestioning the Value of Literary Realism in Slaughterhouse Five, Cats Cradle, and Mother Night In questioning the value of literary realism, Flannery OConnor has written, I am interested in making a good case for distortion because it is the only way to make people see. Kurt Vonnegut writes pessimistic novels, or at least he did back in the sixties. Between Slaughterhouse Five, Mother Night, and Cats Cradle, Vonnegut paints a cynical and satirical picture of the degradation of society

Doc Martens Case Study free essay sample

MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study There is a very interesting write-up on the history section of the Dr. Martens website. It is a very creative approach where they are a total opposite from a common brand. A conventional website would have a pretty straight-forward factual based history of the organization. However, what DM has done is extremely creative and provocative just like the brand itself. The history clearly indicate that in the past, DM use to be an icon that defines a „tribe? such as the „punks? , „ska? , etc. However, with the evolution of internet in 1992, the whole world was re-defined. The boundaries faded and the „tribe? identify also faded. â€Å"The internet spread like an epidemic, reaching fifty million users in eighteen months – a feat that took radio forty years. The first mobile phone text was sent in 1992; within three years, email was like oxygen. Everything has changed† (http://www. drmartens. com/, Dr. Martens History) Everything has evolved into a one man army, the consumer itself. As such, they continue to defy the norm by propagating for people to create their own brand. Rebel; don? t get tied-up with what people „dictate? through the brands. Be creative all you want and DM would stay relevant as its individuality is defined by the consumer and not the other way around. â€Å" Dr. Martens anchor you, liberate your creativity, inspire and fuel your identity. Our heritage fits your future; your future is our future† (http://www. drmartens. com/, Dr. Martens History) This piece or article itself have clearly articulated the dynamism in the Dr. Martens brand to suit the needs of the ever-changing customer in order to stay relevant for life. Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study Question 1 Marketing the shoes directly to the Chinese consumers would definitely hurt the DM brand immensely. As stated in the background study the DM brand is exclusive and holds a heritage which is very individualistic in value which is also very western. As such, in order to protect this key element of the brand, it was wise to keep the sales and marketing activities centered in UK. Having the shoes go through UK for distribution also helps to maintain the perception rom the mass that the quality of the product is guaranteed as it goes through a thorough buyoff process by the experts in UK. In true sense, this might not be the process because it is very much viable and profitable to have a tight quality assurance process at the Chinese plant. However, it is the perception that counts. A direct distribution for the local market would also greatly diminish the value proportion of the product hence ca using unnecessary demand for a low-priced product which would defy the brand value of DM as an exclusive, individualistic product. As such, based on the brand aspiration it is and would always be a wise decision to market the shoes from a central location in UK. Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study Question 2 The key brand value of DM is to portray the individualistic nature of the product. In order to amplify this value, activities have to be designed to be both interactive and allow the consumer to showcase their individualistic elements. Based on this, following are several ideas that could help DM to attract more consumers: 1) Have a shoe design competition online a. This would allow participants to design their own shoes b. There shouldn? t be any restriction on design hence allowing full display of their individualistic design c. Have an online competition to vote for the best design of shoes d. The final design that wins should be produced as a single limited production for the winner e. Keeping the exclusivity by only producing 1 pair of limited edition shoe would keep people wanting to participate and also to vote which would increase the website traffic and brand awareness 2) Posting of individual commercials about their Doc Martens a. Consumers are required to do their own Doc Marten commercial using their existing pair of shoes b. Originality is the key – no editing or mixing allowed for the submitted video c. Have online competition – with a differentiation. Videos would need to be posted to youtube. com – With cooperation with you-tube, the commercial with the highest hits would qualify for the finals – This would propagate high awareness of the brand as the videos would propagate itself through unconventional channel in order to obtain the highest hit at youtube. com. This would allow brand exposure even without visiting the main website Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study d. The final selection should be posted rotationally on the Doc Martens website. e. Zero production cost but a very well acceptable commercial that could attract more people to the website f. This competition again allows the projection of individuality that supports the brand value and in the same time increases the brand exposure 3) Allocate space for Blogs a. Users should be allowed to create their own blog at the Dr. Martens website b. Blogs could be used as a platform to talk about the DM products c. Besides brand exposure, the feedback from the blogs would also assist in gauging the acceptance of the product 4) Online customer privilege account a. Customers allowed to create online account with Dr. Marten b. Exclusive product release and other activities could be send by email c. Offer online vouchers for introduction of friends d. Good method to feed consumers with related news to increase brand loyalty Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study Question 3 The BBC news on the 24th October 2002 that covers the announcement by Dr. Martens on its move to China has the following excerpt which embodies the general feeling about the move: â€Å"It May be cheaper in China, but this is an issue of added value and quality. It does not matter if the boots are cheap if nobody is going to buy them (because of their poorer quality)† Paul Gates, General Secretary of KFAT union, BBC News, 24 Oct 2002 Even though it is understandable that the statement from the union leader is biased because they are also upset about the loss of about 1000 jobs but such a statement does hold weight because the general perception about the quality of products from China was very low. Consumers strongly believed in a brand image of Dr. Martens as highly individualised apparel with high quality from UK. With a sudden announcement that production would be moved to China in order to reduce cost would have shocked the consumers because trust on the brand image is broken. As such, the brand risk of this move is considerably huge. However, the management of Dr. Marten did a marvellous brand rescue operation by deciding to keep the marketing sales operations centralised at the UK Headquarters. This would definitely help the brand in the long run because people would eventually „forget? bout the movement of the manufacturing activity to China and get back to the perception that Dr. Martens is from UK. This would be possible because it is the sales marketing activities that is „seen? by the customers, manufacturing would be a back-door operation that would hold a much reduced leverage on the brand image of Dr. Martens. The management was also very ingenious i n delivering the message about the departure of the manufacturing activity to China. â€Å"Dr Martens will remain a brand true to its heritage and deliver footwear of the highest quality. The offshore strategy is the first step in moving the company and the brand forward in a positive direction† David Suddens, Group MD R Griggs, BBC News, 24 Oct 2002 Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study We could clearly see from the official statement from the company that the term „offshore strategy? is used rather than mentioning about the move of production from UK to China. This is a clear indication that Dr. Martens do realize about the branding risk of this action. As such, they cleverly drop the China notation and stressed about the brand? s commitment in delivering products true to its heritage and of highest quality. Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 MMDP Assignment Doc Martens Case Study Question 4 Foreign Licenses are good for brand building exercises as it allows for the brand to be developed more actively in the local market with guidance from the headquarters. However, Foreign Licences could also dilute the brand value because marketing actions suited for the local condition would not always represent a proper branding exercise. For example, heavy discounting due to local competition would definitely dilute the brand value but this could be implemented by the Foreign Licensee in order to achieve the volume which might be their primary focus. Besides that, Foreign Licenses is also good when a global reach from a centralized location is impossible. As mentioned previously, the movement of the manufacturing activity to China was not a healthy move for the brand. In order to curb the deterioration of the brand image, a stricter control was necessary. It would have been difficult to control the branding activities if all the activities were not centrally located. As such, it was very wise of Dr. Martens to rescind foreign licenses. Besides that, Dr. Martens could easily achieve a global reach on its marketing activities with the evolution of the internet. It also adds value to the brand because they can now proudly claim that the Dr. Martens are authentic because there is only 1 global „source? of this product which is from UK. Sasikumar Rajapan MMDP Sime Darby ‘08 BBC NEWS | England | Dr Martens moves to China Page 1 of 3 CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE WHERE I LIVE INDEX SEARCH You are in: England News Front Page Thursday, 24 October, 2002, 11:14 GMT 12:14 UK World Dr Martens moves to China UK England N Ireland Scotland Wales Politics Business Entertainment Science/Nature Technology Health Education See also: 05 Aug 02 | Business Dr Marten brings trainers to heel 19 Jul 02 | England Dr Martens factory closes Internet links: Dr Martens The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites Talking Point Dr Martens boots production is leaving the UK - Country Profiles announced the company is moving production In Depth The makers of Dr Martens boots have to China with the loss of more than 1,000 jobs. Programmes R Griggs Group, which makes the iconic boots at factories in Northamptonshire, Leicestershire and Somerset, made the announcement on Thursday. SERVICES Top England stories now: 10,000 chased for congestion fine Teenagers admit festival violence Postmaster sacked over robbery Beckham forgives Ferguson Man faces nine rape charges Abuse claimants win compensation 400 jobs to go at zinc works Legal row cat back with owners Links to more England stories are at the foot of the page. Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Union leaders criticised the plans saying they had shocked and devastated the workforce. A spokesman for the company said the decision was made because it was far cheaper to produce footwear in China. He said the company would start a 90-day consultation process with its 1,068 employees. It plans to cease all production in the UK, but will continue to employ a number of office and design staff. Text Only Feedback Help EDITIONS Change to World It is an especially difficult announcement to make given all the effort that ur staff have put in over the past few years David Suddens, R Griggs group managing director David Suddens, R Griggs group managing director, said: We regret very much the loss of jobs resulting from these proposed closures but we will make every effort to help staff find alternative employment. http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/2356519. stm 26 -May-08 BBC NEWS | England | Dr Martens moves to China We will also work closely with the local authorities and other agencies. It is an especially difficult announcement to make given all the effort that our staff have put in over the past few years. Positive direction Dr Martens will remain a brand true to its heritage and deliver footwear of the highest quality. The offshore strategy is the first step in moving the company and the brand forward in a positive direction. John Tully, Northamptonshire district secretary for footwear union KFAT, said: Workers were shocked by the announcement. This is devastating news for them and the footwear industry. He said that as well as affecting about 700 workers in Northampshire, the decision will have a knock-on effect on local suppliers to R Griggs. Paul Gates, general secretary of KFAT, said: It may be cheaper in China, but this is an issue of added value and quality. It does not matter if the boots are cheap if nobody is going to buy them (because of their poorer quality). E-mail this story to a friend Page 2 of 3 Links to more England stories In This Section Go ^^ Back to top News Front Page | World | UK | England | N Ireland | Scotland | Wales | Politics | Business | Entertainment | Science/Nature | Technology | Health | Education | Talking Point | Country Profiles | In Depth | Programmes To BBC Sport | To BBC Weather | To BBC World Service  © MMIII | News Sources | Privacy http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/2356519. stm 26 -May-08 BBC NEWS | England | Dr Martens moves to China Page 3 of 3 http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/2356519. stm 26 -May-08

Pappus Of Alexandria Essays - Ancient Greek Mathematicians

Pappus of Alexandria Pappus was born in approximately 920 in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the last of the great Greek geometers and one of his major theorems is considered to be the basis of modern projective geometry ("Pappus"). Pappus flourished in the fourth century, writing his key work, the Mathematical Collection, as a guide to Greek geometry ("Biography"). In this work, Pappus discusses theorems and constructions of over thirty mathematicians including Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy ("Biography"), providing alternatives of proofs and generalizing theorems. The Collection is a handbook to all of Greek geometry and is now almost the sole source of history of that science (Thomas 564). The separate books of the Collection were divided by Pappus into numbered sections. In the fourth section, Pappus discusses an extension on the Pythagorean Theorem (Thomas 575) now known as Pappus Area (Williams). Pappus drew parallelograms on two sides of a triangle, extended the external parallels to intersection, connected the included vertex of the triangle and the intersection point, used the direction and length of that segment to construct a parallelogram adjacent to the third side of the triangle, and proved that the sum of the areas of the first two parallelograms is equal to the area of the third parallelogram (Williams, Thomas 578-9). Section five of book five of the Collection discusses regular solids with equal surfaces and their varying sizes (Heath 395). Pappus's conjecture was that the solid with the most faces is the greatest (Heath 396). He proved this using the pyramid, the cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the icosahedron of equal surfaces. Pappus noted that some of the other major Greek geometers had already worked out the proof of this conjecture using the analytical method, but that he would give a method of his own by synthetical deduction (Heath 395). Using 56 propositions about the perpendiculars from the center of a circumscribing sphere to a face of the solids, Pappus proved that if the dodecahedron and the icosahedron were inscribed in the same sphere, the same small circle in the sphere would circumscribe both the pentagon of the dodecahedron and the triangle of the icosahedron (Heath 396). He went on to show that the cube is greater than the pyramid, the octahedron is greater than the cube, and so on (Heath 396). One of Pappus's biggest contributions to geometry is Pappus's Theorem, which states, "If the vertices of a hexagon lie alternately on two lines, then the meets of opposite sides are collinear" ("Pappus"). When put another way, "If A, B and C are three distinct points on one line and if A', B' and C' are three different distinct points on a second line, then the intersections of AC' and CA', AB' and BA', and BC' and CB' are collinear" (Smart 26), Pappus's Theorem spawns the Geometry of Pappus. This is a finite geometry consisting of exactly nine points and nine lines. The pairs of points making up the intersecting lines are interchangeable (Bogomolny 2). Also, Pappus's Theorem is self-dual (Bogomolny 2), meaning that if the words "point" and "line" were interchanged in the theorem, it would still hold true. Thanks to the duality principle, any theorem proved for Pappus's geometry is also true for the dual geometry. According to Pappus, the purpose of the Collection was to explain the propositions established using geometrical methods by the ancient Greek mathematicians in a shorter and easier to understand from, and to introduce some useful theorems he himself discovered (Heath 429). Thanks to Pappus and his Collection, the world better understands theorems, propositions, and conjectures made by geometers such as Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy. And Pappus's Theorem and the resulting geometry helped to bring the idea of duality to life so it could be applied to axioms from other geometries.